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LR.HLR.FR.Coff Corallina officinalis on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed Corallina officinalis, often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of oth...


LR.LLR.F.Fserr.X Fucus serratus on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata

Published date 2015-03

Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata with dense stands of the wrack Fucus serratus. The crab Carcinus maenas and a large number of winkles such as Littorina ...


IR.MIR.KR.Ldig.Ldig Laminaria digitata on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe bedrock

Published date 2015-03

Exposed to sheltered sublittoral fringe bedrock dominated by a dense canopy of Laminaria digitata, often with a wide range of filamentous and foliose red seaweeds beneath. The most frequently occurrin...


LR.HLR.MusB Mussel and/or barnacle communities

Published date 2015-03

Communities on very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders dominated by the mussel Mytilus edulis (MytB), barnacles Chthamalus spp. and/or Semibalanus balanoides a...


SS.SSa.CFiSa.EpusOborApri Echinocyamus pusillus, Ophelia borealis and Abra prismatica in circalittoral fine sand

Published date 2015-03

Circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sand (from 40 m to 140 m) characterised by the pea urchin Echinocyamus pusillus, the polychaete Ophelia borealis and the bivalve Abra prismatica. Other specie...


LR.MLR.BF.Fser.Pid Fucus serratus and piddocks on lower eulittoral soft rock

Published date 2015-03

The lower eulittoral zone on soft rock shores (e.g. chalk) characterised by the wrack Fucus serratus. Much of the community associated with this biotope is the same as the biotope Fserr.FS, but certai...


LS.LSa.MuSa.HedMacEte Hediste diversicolor, Macoma balthica and Eteone longa in littoral muddy sand

Published date 2015-03

Fine to very fine muddy sand on the mid shore at the lower extreme of estuaries, and in moderately exposed and sheltered bays and marine inlets, sometimes subject to variable salinity. The infauna is ...


IR.MIR.KR.Lhyp.Ft Laminaria hyperborea forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Moderately exposed upper infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense forest of Laminaria hyperborea with dense foliose red seaweeds beneath the canopy. These include Metacallophyllis l...


SS.SMu.OMu.CapThy Capitella capitata and Thyasira spp. in organically-enriched offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud

Published date 2015-03

In circalittoral and deep offshore mud and sandy mud adjacent to oil or gas platforms, organic enrichment from drill cuttings leads to the development of communities dominated by the Capitella capitat...


LS.LSa.MoSa.Ol Oligochaetes in littoral mobile sand

Published date 2015-03

A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in estuarine conditions where sands and gravel are associated with the lower shore river channel in estuaries. The sediment is relatively coarse and ...



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