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LR.HLR.FR.Pal Palmaria palmata on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock which supports a pure stand of dulse Palmaria palmata as a dense band or in large patches above the main kelp zone. P. palmata favours shaded o...


LR.FLR.Eph.UlvPor Porphyra purpurea and Ulva spp. on sand-scoured mid or lower eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Exposed and moderately exposed mid-shore bedrock and boulders occurring adjacent to areas of sand which significantly affects the rock. As a consequence of sand-abrasion, wracks such as Fucus vesiculo...


LR.LLR.FVS.FserVS Fucus serratus and large Mytilus edulis on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Areas of very sheltered lower eulittoral rock or mixed substrata subject to variable salinity, which support an impoverished community dominated by the wrack Fucus serratus. The hydroid Dynamena pumil...


SS.SMx.CMx.FluHyd Flustra foliacea and Hydrallmania falcata on tide-swept circalittoral mixed sediment

Published date 2015-03

This biotope represents part of a transition between sand-scoured circalittoral rock where the epifauna is conspicuous enough to be considered as a biotope and a sediment biotope where an infaunal sam...


LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.FvesR Semibalanus balanoides, Fucus vesiculosus and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Exposed and moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock characterised by the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, the limpet Patella vulgata and the whelk Nucella lapillus with a sparse community ...


LR.HLR.FR.Osm Osmundea pinnatifida on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of Osmundea pinnatifida and Gelidium pusillum (either together or separately). This community us...


SS.SMu.IFiMu.Ocn Ocnus planci aggregations on sheltered sublittoral muddy sediment

Published date 2015-03

Dense aggregations of Ocnus planci on various substrata, typically muddy but occasionally with stones or shells, in sheltered conditions such as sea lochs. Philine aperta also characterises this bioto...


IR.HIR.KFaR.AlaAnCrSp Alaria esculenta forest with dense anemones and crustose sponges on extremely exposed infralittoral bedrock

Published date 2015-03

This biotope has only been recorded from Rockall, where Alaria esculenta appears to replace Laminaria hyperborea as the dominant kelp forest species on the extremely wave-exposed steep and vertical ro...


LR.FLR.Eph.Ulv Ulva spp. on freshwater-influenced and/or unstable upper eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Upper shore hard substratum that is relatively unstable (e.g. soft rock) or subject to considerable freshwater runoff is typically very species poor and characterised by a dense mat of Ulva spp., thou...


IR.LIR.IFaVS.HarCon Hartlaubella gelatinosa and Conopeum reticulum on low salinity infralittoral mixed substrata

Published date 2015-03

Upper estuarine mixed hard substrata colonised by very sparse communities of animals with low species richness and with a few seaweeds in very shallow water. In the Tamar estuary the hydroid Hartlaube...



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