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SS.SMu.CSaMu.AfilKurAnit Amphiura filiformis, Kurtiella bidentata and Abra nitida in circalittoral sandy mud

Published date 2015-03

Cohesive sandy mud off wave exposed coasts with weak tidal streams can be characterised by super-abundant Amphiura filiformis with Kurtiella bidentata and Abra nitida. This community occurs in muddy s...


IR.HIR.KFaR Kelp with cushion fauna and/or foliose red seaweeds

Published date 2015-03

Rocky habitats in the infralittoral zone subject to exposed to extremely exposed wave action or strong tidal streams. Typically the rock supports a community of kelp Laminaria hyperborea with foliose ...


SS.SMx.CMx.ClloModHo Sparse Modiolus modiolus, dense Cerianthus lloydii and burrowing holothurians on sheltered circalittoral stones and mixed sediment

Published date 2015-03

Pebbles and cobbles on mud or muddy gravel in sea lochs with frequent Cerianthus lloydii and occasional Modiolus modiolus. Large burrowing holothurians may include Psolus phantapus, Panningia hyndmani...


SS.SMp.Ang Angiosperm communities in reduced salinity

Published date 2015-03

Lagoon communities, subject to reduced or low salinity conditions, dominated by angiosperms, including Stuckenia pectinata beds and fringing habitats with reeds Phragmites australis. No situation data...


SS.SBR.SMus.ModMx Modiolus modiolus beds on open coast circalittoral mixed sediment

Published date 2015-03

Muddy gravels and coarse sands in deeper water of continental seas may contain venerid bivalves with beds of Modiolus modiolus. The clumping of the byssus threads of the M. modiolus creates a stable h...


LR.HLR High energy littoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Extremely exposed to moderately exposed or tide-swept bedrock and boulder shores. Extremely exposed shores dominated by mussels and barnacles, occasionally with robust fucoids or turfs of red seaweed....


IR.LIR.Lag.AscSpAs Ascophyllum nodosum with epiphytic sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Dense subtidal stands of Ascophyllum nodosum, heavily epiphytised by sponges and ascidians in lagoon-like habitats. The wracks Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus can be present along with the brown ...


IR.MIR.KR.LhypT.Pk Laminaria hyperborea park with hydroids, bryozoans and sponges on tide-swept lower infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Exposed to moderately wave-exposed, strongly tide-swept, rock with Laminaria hyperborea park characterised by a rich under-storey and stipe flora of foliose seaweeds such as Phycodrys rubens, Plocamiu...


SS.SCS.CCS.Blan Branchiostoma lanceolatum in circalittoral coarse sand with shell gravel

Published date 2015-03

Gravel and coarse sand with shell gravel often contains communities of robust venerid bivalves (SS.SCS.CCS.MedLumVen). Shallower examples, such as the biotope presented here, may support a significant...


SS.SSa.IFiSa.TbAmPo Semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes in sublittoral sand

Published date 2015-03

Sublittoral marine sand in moderately exposed or sheltered inlets and voes in shallow water may support large populations of semi-permanent tube-building amphipods and polychaetes. Typically dominated...



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