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SS.SMu.SMuVS.OlVS Oligochaetes in variable or reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment

Published date 2015-03

Reduced or variable salinity muddy and sandy mud sediments characterised by oligochaetes, particularly of the genus Tubificoides or from the Enchytraeidae family. The abundance of the oligochaetes may...


IR.HIR.KFaR.LhypR.Ft Laminaria hyperborea forest with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed upper infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Very exposed to exposed upper infralittoral bedrock or large boulders characterised by a dense forest of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea. On the rock surface beneath the kelp canopy is a dense turf of r...


LR.FLR.CvOv.RpurCla Rhodochorton purpureum and Cladophora rupestris on upper to mid-shore cave walls

Published date 2015-03

Vertical and steeply-sloping upper walls at the entrances and inner reaches of upper to mid-shore caves that are partially sheltered from direct wave action characterised by a turf of the 'velvety' re...


SS.SMx.IMx.Lim Limaria hians beds in tide-swept sublittoral muddy mixed sediment

Published date 2015-03

Mixed muddy gravel and sand often in tide-swept narrows in the entrances or sills of sea lochs with beds or 'nests' of Limaria hians. The Limaria form woven 'nests' or galleries from byssus and fragme...


SS.SMp.Mrl.Pcal.R Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds with red seaweeds in shallow infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand

Published date 2015-03

Upper infralittoral maerl beds characterised by Phymatolithon calcareum in gravels and sand with a wide variety of associated red seaweeds. These algae typically include Dictyota dichotoma, Plocamium ...


SS.SMu.CSaMu.VirOphPmax.HAs Virgularia mirabilis and Ophiura spp. with Pecten maximus, hydroids and ascidians on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud with stones

Published date 2015-03

Circalittoral fine sandy mud with shell gravel and notable quantities of shells or small stones scattered over the sediment surface. These sediments, like SS.SMu.CSaMu.VirOphPmax, may contain Virgular...


SS.SCS.SCSVS Sublittoral coarse sediment in variable salinity (estuaries)

Published date 2015-03

Clean gravels that occur in the upper reaches of marine inlets, especially estuaries, where water movement is sufficiently strong to remove the silt content of the sediment. The habitat typically lack...


LS.LMu.UEst.Hed.Str Hediste diversicolor and Streblospio shrubsolii in littoral sandy mud

Published date 2015-03

Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores and is often associated with shall...


SS.SMp.KSwSS.SlatCho Saccharina latissima and Chorda filum on sheltered upper infralittoral muddy sediment

Published date 2015-03

Shallow kelp community found on sandy mud and gravelly sandy mud, in sheltered or extremely sheltered conditions, with very weak tidal currents. The community is characterised by a reasonable covering...


LS.LCS.Sh Shingle (pebble) and gravel shores

Published date 2015-03

Littoral shingle and gravel shores include shores of mobile pebbles and gravel, sometimes with varying amounts of coarse sand. The sediment is highly mobile and subject to high degrees of drying betwe...



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