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Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands

Published date

Natural and semi-natural grassland formations Description and ecological characteristics This habitat occurs on lime-rich soils and consists of short, often grazed, species-rich mixtures of mountain a...


Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae)

Published date

Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats Description and ecological characteristics Cord-grass Spartina spp. colonises a wide range of substrates, from very soft muds to shingle, in areas sheltered fro...


Perennial vegetation of stony banks

Published date

Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats Description and ecological characteristics Shingle structures develop when a sequence of foreshore beaches is deposited at the limit of high tide. More permanen...


LS.LBR.LMus.Myt Mytilus edulis beds on littoral sediments

Published date 2015-03

Dense aggregations of Mytilus edulis on the mid and lower shore, on mixed substrata (mainly cobbles and pebbles on fine sediments), on sand, or on sheltered muddy shores. In high densities the mussels...


LS.LSa.MoSa.Ol Oligochaetes in littoral mobile sand

Published date 2015-03

A species-poor community of oligochaetes occurring in estuarine conditions where sands and gravel are associated with the lower shore river channel in estuaries. The sediment is relatively coarse and ...


LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.Sem Semibalanus balanoides, Patella vulgata and Littorina spp. on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Very exposed to sheltered mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles Semibalanus balanoides and the limpet Patella vulgata. The community has a relatively low ...


IR.MIR.KT.LdigT Laminaria digitata, ascidians and bryozoans on tide-swept sublittoral fringe rock

Published date 2015-03

Sheltered bedrock, boulders and cobbles that are subject to moderate to strong tidal water movement characterised by dense Laminaria digitata, coralline crusts and sponges such as Halichondria panicea...


LS.LMu.MEst.HedMac Hediste diversicolor and Macoma balthica in littoral sandy mud

Published date 2015-03

Mainly mid and lower shore sandy mud or mud in lower estuaries, sheltered bays and marine inlets, often subject to variable salinity. The main characterising species are the ragworm Hediste diversicol...


IR.LIR.KVS.Cod Codium spp. with red seaweeds and sparse Saccharina latissima on shallow, heavily-silted, very sheltered infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Very shallow, heavily-silted infralittoral rock characterised by dense stands of Codium spp., together with silt-tolerant red seaweeds, the green seaweed Ulva spp. and often only a sparse covering of ...


LR.HLR.MusB Mussel and/or barnacle communities

Published date 2015-03

Communities on very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders dominated by the mussel Mytilus edulis (MytB), barnacles Chthamalus spp. and/or Semibalanus balanoides a...



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