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LR.LLR.F.Asc Ascophyllum nodosum on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral rock with the wrack Ascophyllum nodosum. The red seaweed Vertebrata lanosa is often found growing as an epiphyte on the A. nodosum fronds while disturbe...


SS.SMu.OMu.AfalPpin Ampharete falcata turf with Parvicardium pinnulatum on cohesive muddy sediment near margins of deep stratified seas

Published date 2015-03

Dense stands of Ampharete falcata tubes which protrude from muddy sediments, appearing as a turf or meadow in localised areas. These areas seem to occur on a crucial point on a depositional gradient b...


LR.HLR.FR.Coff.Coff Corallina officinalis and Mastocarpus stellatus on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Exposed lower eulittoral rock or moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed Corallina officinalis, often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usua...


LR.MLR.MusF.MytFR Mytilus edulis, Fucus serratus and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock covered by a dense community of large individuals of the mussel Mytilus edulis, often with a scarce covering of the wrack Fucus serratus and red seaweeds. T...


SS.SBR.SMus.ModMvar Modiolus modiolus beds with Mimachlamys varia, sponges, hydroids and bryozoans on slightly tide-swept very sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata

Published date 2015-03

Dense Modiolus modiolus beds, covered by hydroids and bryozoans, on soft gravelly, shelly mud with pebbles in areas of slight or moderate tidal currents. The variable scallop (Mimachlamys varia) is fr...


SS.SMu.OMu.LevHet Levinsenia gracilis and Heteromastus filifirmis in offshore circalittoral mud and sandy mud

Published date 2015-03

In deep offshore mud and sandy mud, a community characterised by the polychaetes Levinsenia gracilis and Heteromastus filiformis may occur. Other important taxa may include Paramphinome jeffreysii, Ne...


CR.FCR.Cv.SpCup Sponges, cup corals and anthozoans on shaded or overhanging circalittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

This biotope occurs on shaded and overhanging rock, such as on cave walls and ceilings although there are very few records of caves in conditions not subject to wave surge (i.e. deeper circalittoral h...


IR.LIR.Lag.FChoG Mixed fucoids, Chorda filum and green seaweeds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Permanently submerged mixed fucoids on rock in lagoons. The main species are the wracks Fucus serratus and Fucus vesiculosus, but the brown seaweeds Chorda filum, Ascophyllum nodosum and Ectocarpaceae...


SS.SSa.IMuSa.EcorEns Echinocardium cordatum and Ensis spp. in lower shore and shallow sublittoral slightly muddy fine sand

Published date 2015-03

Sheltered lower shore and shallow sublittoral sediments of sand or muddy fine sand in fully marine conditions, support populations of the urchin Echinocardium cordatum and the razor shell Ensis siliqu...


IR.MIR.KR.Lhyp.Sab Sabellaria spinulosa with kelp and red seaweeds on sand-influenced infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Laminaria hyperborea kelp forest on shallow infralittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by encrustations of Sabellaria spinulosa tubes which cover much of the rock, together with sand-tolerant re...



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