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SS.SCS.CCS.SpiB Spirobranchus triqueter with barnacles and bryozoan crusts on unstable circalittoral cobbles and pebbles

Published date 2015-03

This biotope is characterised by a few ubiquitous robust and/or fast growing ephemeral species which are able to colonise pebbles and unstable cobbles and slates which are regularly moved by wave and ...


SS.SMu.SMuVS.CapTubi Capitella capitata and Tubificoides spp. in reduced salinity infralittoral muddy sediment

Published date 2015-03

Reduced or variable salinity muddy sediment characterised by the Capitella capitata species complex with a relatively low species richness. Large numbers of the oligochaetes Tubificoides spp. may be f...


LR.HLR.FR.Mas Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical to almost horizontal bedrock characterised by a dense turf of Mastocarpus stellatus and Chondrus crispus (either together or separately). Beneat...


SS.SMx.CMx.ClloModHo Sparse Modiolus modiolus, dense Cerianthus lloydii and burrowing holothurians on sheltered circalittoral stones and mixed sediment

Published date 2015-03

Pebbles and cobbles on mud or muddy gravel in sea lochs with frequent Cerianthus lloydii and occasional Modiolus modiolus. Large burrowing holothurians may include Psolus phantapus, Panningia hyndmani...


IR.LIR.Lag.AscSpAs Ascophyllum nodosum with epiphytic sponges and ascidians on variable salinity infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Dense subtidal stands of Ascophyllum nodosum, heavily epiphytised by sponges and ascidians in lagoon-like habitats. The wracks Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus can be present along with the brown ...


LS.LSa.MuSa.MacAre Macoma balthica and Arenicola marina in littoral muddy sand

Published date 2015-03

Muddy sand or fine sand, often occurring as extensive intertidal flats both on open coasts and in marine inlets. The sediment is often compacted, with a rippled surface, areas of standing water, and g...


SS.SMx.IMx.Lim Limaria hians beds in tide-swept sublittoral muddy mixed sediment

Published date 2015-03

Mixed muddy gravel and sand often in tide-swept narrows in the entrances or sills of sea lochs with beds or 'nests' of Limaria hians. The Limaria form woven 'nests' or galleries from byssus and fragme...


IR.HIR.KSed.SlatSac Saccharina latissima and/or Saccorhiza polyschides on exposed infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

A forest or park of the fast-growing, opportunistic kelps Saccharina latissima and/or Saccorhiza polyschides often occurs on seasonally unstable boulders or sand/pebble scoured infralittoral rock. The...


IR.HIR.KFaR.LhypFa Laminaria hyperborea forest with a faunal cushion (sponges and polyclinids) and foliose red seaweeds on very exposed upper infralittoral rock

Published date 2015-03

Very exposed and exposed, but wave-surged, upper infralittoral bedrock and massive boulders characterised by a dense forest of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea with a high diversity of seaweeds and inver...


SS.SMp.SSgr Sublittoral seagrass beds

Published date 2015-03

Beds of seagrass (Zostera subg. Zostera marina or Ruppia spp.) in shallow sublittoral sediments. These communities are generally found in extremely sheltered embayments, marine inlets, estuaries and l...



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